Plant invasion in protected areas, the Indian Himalayan region, and the North East India: progress and prospects

Global biodiversity is not uniformly distributed in terms of species richness. The global and national protected areas (PAs), the Indian Himalayan Region (IHR) North East (NE) India, are extremely rich plant biodiversity, contributing to environment socio-economy/livelihood prospects, linked with human health or well-being. However, anthropogenic disturbances have modified vegetation structure PAs, IHR, NE such that pristine landscapes now ripe for encroachment invasive alien plants (IAPs). invasions increasingly being realised as a major threat globally ecologically sensitive mountain ecosystems no exception. abrupt spread IAP these regions can significantly exacerbate conservation problems, already faced challenges habitat fragmentation climate change. Also, complex interactions among invasion, destruction change further impose challenge restoration ecologists. Interestingly, invading equipped several site habitat-specific adaptive mechanisms like presence allelochemicals novel weapons facilitate their landscape ecological dynamics. This review describes theories hypotheses which may account accelerated IAPs India PAs. research progress IHR discussed respect worst invaders Lantana camara, Chromolaena odorata, Ageratum conyzoides, Parthenium hysterophorus, Mikania micrantha, etc. In this respect, outcome preliminary identify dominant through quantitative methods also mentioned. Lastly, management strategies described mitigate hazards sustainable conservation.